ThriveCo Pore-Minimizing Ultimate Toner

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a versatile and widely used humectant in skincare formulations. This colorless, odorless, viscous liquid is derived from both natural and synthetic sources, including vegetable oils and petrochemicals. As a hygroscopic substance, glycerin attracts and retains moisture, making it highly effective in hydrating and moisturizing the skin.

In skincare products, glycerin typically comprises 0.5% to 5% of the formulation. It functions by drawing water from the environment and deeper skin layers to the surface, enhancing skin hydration and improving barrier function. This moisture-binding property helps to reduce transepidermal water loss, leading to smoother, more supple skin.

Glycerin's low molecular weight allows it to penetrate the stratum corneum, providing hydration to deeper skin layers. It also exhibits emollient properties, helping to soften and smooth the skin's surface. Additionally, glycerin has been shown to enhance the penetration of other active ingredients in skincare formulations.

While generally well-tolerated, high concentrations of glycerin can potentially cause a tacky feel on the skin or draw out too much moisture in low-humidity environments. Therefore, it is often combined with other moisturizing agents for optimal efficacy and skin feel.

Propanediol, also known as 1,3-propanediol, is a versatile and increasingly popular ingredient in skincare formulations. This clear, colorless liquid is derived from corn sugar through a fermentation process, making it a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based glycols. Propanediol functions as a solvent, humectant, and emollient in skincare products, offering multiple benefits for the skin.

As a humectant, propanediol attracts and retains moisture, helping to keep the skin hydrated and plump. Its low molecular weight allows for efficient penetration into the skin, enhancing the delivery of other active ingredients. This property makes it an excellent choice for improving the efficacy of various skincare formulations.

Propanediol also acts as a preservative booster, helping to maintain product stability and extend shelf life. It has a low irritation potential, making it suitable for sensitive skin types. Additionally, this ingredient can improve the texture and spreadability of products, enhancing the overall user experience.

In cosmetic formulations, propanediol is commonly used in concentrations ranging from 1% to 10%, depending on the product type and desired effects. Its multifunctional nature and skin-friendly profile make it a valuable addition to a wide range of skincare products, from serums and moisturizers to toners and masks.

Triethanolamine (TEA) is a versatile organic compound widely used in skincare and cosmetic formulations. This colorless, viscous liquid with a mild ammonia-like odor serves multiple functions in product development. Primarily, TEA acts as a pH adjuster, helping to stabilize and balance the acidity levels in various skincare preparations.

In formulations, TEA functions as an emulsifying agent, facilitating the blending of oil and water-based ingredients to create stable emulsions. It also serves as a surfactant, enhancing the cleansing properties of products like facial washes and shampoos. Additionally, TEA can act as a neutralizing agent for fatty acids, allowing for the creation of creamy textures in lotions and moisturizers.

While effective, TEA's use is regulated due to potential formation of nitrosamines, which are carcinogenic compounds. Proper formulation practices, including the use of nitrosamine inhibitors, are essential to ensure product safety. TEA may cause irritation in some individuals, particularly those with sensitive skin. Its concentration in cosmetic products is typically limited to 5% or less, with lower levels used in leave-on products to minimize potential skin reactions.