resurface+ KP + PsO Smoothing Body Treatment

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a versatile and widely used humectant in skincare formulations. This colorless, odorless, viscous liquid is derived from both natural and synthetic sources, including vegetable oils and petrochemicals. As a hygroscopic substance, glycerin attracts and retains moisture, making it highly effective in hydrating and moisturizing the skin.

In skincare products, glycerin typically comprises 0.5% to 5% of the formulation. It functions by drawing water from the environment and deeper skin layers to the surface, enhancing skin hydration and improving barrier function. This moisture-binding property helps to reduce transepidermal water loss, leading to smoother, more supple skin.

Glycerin's low molecular weight allows it to penetrate the stratum corneum, providing hydration to deeper skin layers. It also exhibits emollient properties, helping to soften and smooth the skin's surface. Additionally, glycerin has been shown to enhance the penetration of other active ingredients in skincare formulations.

While generally well-tolerated, high concentrations of glycerin can potentially cause a tacky feel on the skin or draw out too much moisture in low-humidity environments. Therefore, it is often combined with other moisturizing agents for optimal efficacy and skin feel.

Squalene is a highly effective emollient and natural antioxidant found in human sebum and various plant and animal sources. This lightweight, colorless oil is a precursor to cholesterol and other steroids, playing a crucial role in skin hydration and barrier function. Squalene's molecular structure closely resembles that of human skin lipids, allowing for exceptional compatibility and easy absorption.

In skincare formulations, squalene acts as an excellent moisturizer, helping to reduce transepidermal water loss and improve skin elasticity. Its antioxidant properties contribute to protecting the skin from free radical damage and environmental stressors. Squalene also demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects, making it beneficial for sensitive and acne-prone skin types.

The ingredient is commonly derived from olive oil or sugarcane, offering a sustainable alternative to shark liver oil, its original source. Squalene's stability and non-comedogenic nature make it suitable for various skincare products, including facial oils, serums, and moisturizers. It can enhance the penetration of other active ingredients and improve overall product texture. Regular use of squalene-containing products can result in softer, smoother, and more radiant skin with improved moisture retention and barrier function.

Urea is a multifaceted skincare ingredient with remarkable hydrating and keratolytic properties. This naturally occurring compound, found in the human body, plays a crucial role in maintaining skin health and moisture balance. In skincare formulations, urea typically ranges from 2% to 40% concentration, depending on the intended effect.

At lower concentrations (2-10%), urea functions as an excellent humectant, drawing moisture from the environment into the skin. It enhances the skin's natural moisturizing factor (NMF) and improves overall hydration. Higher concentrations (10-40%) exhibit keratolytic effects, gently exfoliating and softening rough, dry skin by breaking down keratin proteins.

Urea's ability to penetrate the stratum corneum makes it effective in treating various skin conditions, including xerosis, ichthyosis, and keratosis pilaris. It also enhances the penetration of other active ingredients, potentially improving their efficacy. Additionally, urea possesses mild antimicrobial properties, which can be beneficial in managing certain skin infections.

Despite its numerous benefits, urea may cause irritation in some individuals, particularly at higher concentrations. It's advisable to patch test and gradually introduce urea-containing products into a skincare routine.