Dot & Key Skincare Watermelon Cooling Sunscreen SPF 50+ PA++++

Cyclopentasiloxane is a versatile silicone-based compound widely used in skincare and cosmetic formulations. This colorless, odorless liquid belongs to the cyclomethicone family and is known for its excellent spreading properties and quick evaporation rate. Its low surface tension allows for smooth application across the skin, creating a silky, non-greasy feel.

In skincare products, cyclopentasiloxane functions primarily as an emollient and carrying agent. It helps to improve the texture and application of formulations, enhancing the overall sensory experience. The ingredient's ability to form a breathable, protective film on the skin makes it valuable in products designed to provide temporary barrier protection.

Cyclopentasiloxane is particularly effective in hair care products, where it imparts shine and smoothness without weighing down the hair. In makeup formulations, it aids in even pigment distribution and extends wear time. While generally considered safe for topical use, some concerns have been raised about its potential environmental impact, leading to ongoing research and regulatory discussions in certain regions. As with any cosmetic ingredient, individual sensitivities may vary, and patch testing is recommended for those with sensitive skin.

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are prebiotic carbohydrates that have gained significant attention in skincare formulations due to their ability to support the skin's microbiome. These short-chain oligosaccharides are composed of fructose units linked by β-(2→1) glycosidic bonds, typically derived from natural sources such as chicory root or synthesized enzymatically.

In skincare, FOS act as a food source for beneficial bacteria on the skin's surface, promoting a balanced and diverse microbiome. This balance is crucial for maintaining skin health, barrier function, and overall complexion. FOS have been shown to enhance the growth of probiotic strains like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which can help combat pathogenic microorganisms and reduce skin inflammation.

Additionally, FOS exhibit humectant properties, attracting and retaining moisture in the skin. This hydrating effect can improve skin texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines, and enhance overall skin suppleness. Some studies suggest that FOS may also have antioxidant properties, potentially protecting the skin from oxidative stress and environmental damage.

When formulating with FOS, it's important to consider their stability in various pH ranges and their compatibility with other skincare ingredients. Typically, FOS are well-tolerated and can be incorporated into a wide range of skincare products, including serums, moisturizers, and masks.

Glycerine, also known as glycerol, is a versatile and widely used ingredient in skincare and cosmetic formulations. This colorless, odorless, viscous liquid is a natural humectant, meaning it attracts and retains moisture from the environment. Glycerine's molecular structure allows it to penetrate the skin's outer layers, providing deep hydration and improving overall skin barrier function.

In skincare products, glycerine typically comprises 0.5% to 5% of the formulation. It works synergistically with other moisturizing agents to enhance product efficacy. Glycerine's hygroscopic properties help maintain skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines, and promote a smoother complexion. Additionally, it aids in the delivery of other active ingredients deeper into the skin.

Glycerine is non-comedogenic and suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and acne-prone skin. It has mild antimicrobial properties and can help soothe irritated skin. In hair care, glycerine helps retain moisture, preventing dryness and frizz. Its stability across a wide pH range and compatibility with most cosmetic ingredients make it an invaluable component in various personal care products, from lotions and serums to cleansers and toners.

Oxothiazolidine, also known as procysteine, is a potent precursor to L-cysteine, a crucial amino acid in skin health and function. This synthetic compound acts as a prodrug, efficiently delivering cysteine to cells upon enzymatic conversion. Oxothiazolidine's unique molecular structure allows it to penetrate the skin barrier more effectively than direct cysteine supplementation.

In skincare formulations, oxothiazolidine primarily functions as an antioxidant and protective agent. It stimulates the production of glutathione, a key intracellular antioxidant, thereby enhancing the skin's natural defense against oxidative stress and environmental aggressors. This ingredient also promotes collagen synthesis, contributing to improved skin elasticity and firmness.

Oxothiazolidine demonstrates notable efficacy in addressing hyperpigmentation issues. It inhibits tyrosinase activity and melanin production, leading to a more even skin tone and reduced appearance of dark spots. Additionally, this compound exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, making it beneficial for sensitive or compromised skin conditions.

Typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1%, oxothiazolidine is compatible with various skincare formulations, including serums, creams, and lotions. Its stability and synergistic effects with other antioxidants make it a valuable ingredient in advanced skincare products targeting multiple skin concerns.

Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetic and personal care products. This synthetic compound, derived from phenol and ethylene oxide, plays a crucial role in preventing microbial growth and extending product shelf life. With its chemical formula C8H10O2, phenoxyethanol appears as a colorless, oily liquid with a faint rose-like odor.

Effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria, yeasts, and molds, phenoxyethanol is particularly valuable in water-based formulations. It functions optimally at pH levels between 3 and 8.5, making it compatible with a wide range of skincare and cosmetic products. Typically used at concentrations of 0.5% to 1%, phenoxyethanol is considered safe for most individuals when used as directed.

While phenoxyethanol offers excellent preservation properties, it is often combined with other preservatives for enhanced efficacy. Its stability in the presence of sunlight and compatibility with other cosmetic ingredients contribute to its popularity among formulators. However, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions, particularly at higher concentrations. Regulatory bodies, including the FDA and EU Cosmetics Regulation, have approved phenoxyethanol for use in cosmetics within specified limits, reflecting its established safety profile when used appropriately.

Propanediol, also known as 1,3-propanediol, is a versatile and increasingly popular ingredient in skincare formulations. This clear, colorless liquid is derived from corn sugar through a fermentation process, making it a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based glycols. Propanediol functions as a solvent, humectant, and emollient in skincare products, offering multiple benefits for the skin.

As a humectant, propanediol attracts and retains moisture, helping to keep the skin hydrated and plump. Its low molecular weight allows for efficient penetration into the skin, enhancing the delivery of other active ingredients. This property makes it an excellent choice for improving the efficacy of various skincare formulations.

Propanediol also acts as a preservative booster, helping to maintain product stability and extend shelf life. It has a low irritation potential, making it suitable for sensitive skin types. Additionally, this ingredient can improve the texture and spreadability of products, enhancing the overall user experience.

In cosmetic formulations, propanediol is commonly used in concentrations ranging from 1% to 10%, depending on the product type and desired effects. Its multifunctional nature and skin-friendly profile make it a valuable addition to a wide range of skincare products, from serums and moisturizers to toners and masks.