Aqualogica Radiance+ Dewy Lightweight Sunscreen Gel SPF 50+ PA+++ for Oily & Acne-Prone Skin

Betaine, also known as trimethylglycine, is a naturally occurring compound found in various plants and animals. This versatile ingredient has gained significant attention in skincare formulations due to its multifaceted benefits. As a powerful humectant, betaine attracts and retains moisture in the skin, helping to maintain hydration levels and improve overall skin texture.

One of betaine's key attributes is its ability to function as an osmolyte, regulating cellular water balance and protecting against environmental stressors. This property makes it particularly effective in strengthening the skin barrier and enhancing its resilience. Additionally, betaine exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, which can help soothe irritated skin and reduce redness.

In skincare products, betaine is often used in concentrations ranging from 1% to 5%. It is compatible with a wide range of other ingredients and can be incorporated into various formulations, including serums, moisturizers, and cleansers. Betaine's gentle nature makes it suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin. Its stability across different pH levels and temperatures further enhances its versatility in product formulation.

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a versatile and widely used humectant in skincare formulations. This colorless, odorless, viscous liquid is derived from both natural and synthetic sources, including vegetable oils and petrochemicals. As a hygroscopic substance, glycerin attracts and retains moisture, making it highly effective in hydrating and moisturizing the skin.

In skincare products, glycerin typically comprises 0.5% to 5% of the formulation. It functions by drawing water from the environment and deeper skin layers to the surface, enhancing skin hydration and improving barrier function. This moisture-binding property helps to reduce transepidermal water loss, leading to smoother, more supple skin.

Glycerin's low molecular weight allows it to penetrate the stratum corneum, providing hydration to deeper skin layers. It also exhibits emollient properties, helping to soften and smooth the skin's surface. Additionally, glycerin has been shown to enhance the penetration of other active ingredients in skincare formulations.

While generally well-tolerated, high concentrations of glycerin can potentially cause a tacky feel on the skin or draw out too much moisture in low-humidity environments. Therefore, it is often combined with other moisturizing agents for optimal efficacy and skin feel.

Niacinamide, also known as nicotinamide or vitamin B3, is a versatile and well-researched skincare ingredient with numerous benefits for various skin types and concerns. This water-soluble vitamin plays a crucial role in cellular energy production and repair processes within the skin.

Niacinamide is renowned for its ability to improve skin barrier function by increasing ceramide production, which helps retain moisture and protect against environmental stressors. It has been shown to regulate sebum production, making it beneficial for those with oily or acne-prone skin. The ingredient also possesses anti-inflammatory properties, helping to soothe irritated skin and reduce redness associated with conditions like rosacea.

Furthermore, niacinamide has demonstrated efficacy in improving skin tone and texture by inhibiting melanosome transfer to keratinocytes, thus reducing the appearance of hyperpigmentation and dark spots. It can also stimulate collagen production, contributing to improved skin elasticity and reduction of fine lines.

Typically used in concentrations between 2% and 5%, niacinamide is well-tolerated by most skin types and can be easily incorporated into various skincare formulations, including serums, moisturizers, and toners.

Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetic and personal care products. This synthetic compound, derived from phenol and ethylene oxide, plays a crucial role in preventing microbial growth and extending product shelf life. With its chemical formula C8H10O2, phenoxyethanol appears as a colorless, oily liquid with a faint rose-like odor.

Effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria, yeasts, and molds, phenoxyethanol is particularly valuable in water-based formulations. It functions optimally at pH levels between 3 and 8.5, making it compatible with a wide range of skincare and cosmetic products. Typically used at concentrations of 0.5% to 1%, phenoxyethanol is considered safe for most individuals when used as directed.

While phenoxyethanol offers excellent preservation properties, it is often combined with other preservatives for enhanced efficacy. Its stability in the presence of sunlight and compatibility with other cosmetic ingredients contribute to its popularity among formulators. However, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions, particularly at higher concentrations. Regulatory bodies, including the FDA and EU Cosmetics Regulation, have approved phenoxyethanol for use in cosmetics within specified limits, reflecting its established safety profile when used appropriately.

Silica, also known as silicon dioxide, is a naturally occurring mineral compound found abundantly in the earth's crust. In skincare formulations, it serves multiple purposes due to its unique physical and chemical properties. This versatile ingredient functions primarily as an absorbent, anti-caking agent, and texture enhancer.

Silica particles are highly porous, allowing them to effectively absorb excess oils and sebum from the skin's surface. This oil-absorbing quality makes silica particularly beneficial in mattifying products and those designed for oily or combination skin types. Additionally, silica acts as a thickening agent, improving the texture and stability of various cosmetic formulations.

In powdered makeup products, silica helps prevent clumping and ensures smooth application. Its light-diffusing properties can also contribute to a soft-focus effect, minimizing the appearance of fine lines and pores. Silica is generally considered safe for topical use and is non-comedogenic, making it suitable for a wide range of skin types.

While silica offers numerous benefits in skincare, it's important to note that inhalation of fine silica particles should be avoided, particularly in loose powder formulations.

Steareth-2 is a versatile emulsifier and surfactant commonly used in cosmetic and personal care formulations. This synthetic ingredient is derived from ethoxylated stearyl alcohol, created by reacting stearyl alcohol with ethylene oxide. Its primary function is to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions, helping to blend oil and water-based components in products such as creams, lotions, and cleansers.

With a low HLB (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance) value of approximately 4.9, Steareth-2 is particularly effective in creating stable emulsions with a rich, creamy texture. It also serves as a mild cleansing agent and helps to solubilize fragrances and essential oils in aqueous formulations. Steareth-2 is often used in combination with other emulsifiers to achieve optimal stability and texture in various skincare and cosmetic products.

This ingredient is generally well-tolerated by most skin types and is considered safe for use in cosmetics when formulated properly. However, as with any synthetic ingredient, some individuals may experience sensitivity. Steareth-2 is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 5% in finished products, depending on the specific formulation requirements and desired product characteristics.